PRESENT PERFECT

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I. DEFINITION OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.

II. THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE

An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited Portugal several times.
An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'. I have just finished my work.
An action when the time is not important. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his reading is important)

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Read more about choosing between the present perfect and the simple past tenses.

1. ACTIONS STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUING IN THE PRESENT

They haven't lived here for years.
She has worked in the bank for five years.
We have had the same car for ten years.
Have you played the piano since you were a child?

2. WHEN THE TIME PERIOD REFERRED TO HAS NOT FINISHED

I have worked hard this week.
It has rained a lot this year.
We haven't seen her today.

3. ACTIONS REPEATED IN AN UNSPECIFIED PERIOD BETWEEN THE PAST AND NOW.

They have seen that film six times
It has happened several times already.
She has visited them frequently.
We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

4. ACTIONS COMPLETED IN THE VERY RECENT PAST (+JUST)

Have you just finished work?
I have just eaten.
We have just seen her.
Has he just left?

5. WHEN THE PRECISE TIME OF THE ACTION IS NOT IMPORTANT OR NOT KNOWN

Someone has eaten my soup!
Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

6. FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base + ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.

Affirmative
Subject	*to have*	past participle
She	has	visited.
Negative
Subject	*to have + not*	past participle
She	has not (hasn't)	visited.
Interrogative
*to have*	subject	past participle
Has	she	visited?
Negative interrogative
*to have* + not	subject	past participle
Hasn't	she	visited?

7. TO WALK, PRESENT PERFECT

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I have walked	I haven't walked	Have I walked?
You have walked	You haven't walked.	Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked	He, she, hasn't walked	Has he, she, it walked?
We have walked	We haven't walked	Have we walked?
You have walked	You haven't walked	Have you walked?
They have walked	They haven't walked	Have they walked?

III. Present perfect tense worksheet

Make meaningful sentences in the present perfect tense.

FWe make the present perfect tense form by putting has / have before the past participle form of the verb.

FNote that has is used when the subject is a singular noun or pronoun. Have is used when the subject is a plural noun or pronoun.

FThe first person pronouns I and we take have. The third person pronouns he, she and it take has.

The pronouns you and they take have.

Fill in the blanks.

1. I …………………. finished the job.

a. have

b. has

c. am

2. Have you ……………….. your lunch?

a. eat

b. ate

c. eaten

3. She ………………….. yet.

a. has not return

b. is not returned

c. has not returned

4. I ………………… such a mess.

a. never saw

b. have never seen

c. have never saw

5. ………………….. he brought his violin?

a. Is

b. Has

c. Have

6. Have you ever …………………. to Australia?

a. be

b. being

c. been

7. I ………………… all the plays of Shakespeare.

a. read

b. am read

c. have read

8. My parents ...................... me.

a. has never hurt

b. have never hurt

c. have never hurted

9. He ...................... always wanted to be a soldier.

a. is

b. has

c. have

10. She ………………….. to anybody.

a. never apologized

b. has never apologized

c. have never apologized

1) ANSWERS

1. I have finished the job.

2. Have you eaten your lunch?

3. She has not returned yet.

4. I have never seen such a mess.

5. Has he brought his violin?

6. Have you ever been to Australia?

7. I have read all the plays of Shakespeare.

8. My parents have never hurt me.

9. He has always wanted to be a soldier.

10. She has never apologized to anybody.

The End

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Present Perfect